This is from Wilderness and Environmental Medicine: Vol. 15, No. 4, pp. 245–249.
Also avoid areas with high human use.
Want safe backcountry water? Avoid areas with cattle
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good paper.
88 to 100 % prevalence of coliforms in cattle grazed wilderness watersheds, compared to 9% in ungrazed. They point out that each cow use day is equal to 100 to 120 human use days, in regard to waste pollution.
water is becoming increasingly valuable — clean and abundance of (storage through season) water for communities is another casualty of the public land livestock industry.